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Cell-Free Regenerative Medicine: How Engineered Exosomes Are Replacing Stem Cell Therapy in Next-Generation Clinical Protocols
For two decades, stem cell therapy dominated regenerative medicine. But clinical reality has revealed challenges: immune rejection, tumorigenic risk, inconsistent engraftment, and manufacturing complexity. The field is pivoting from cell-based to cell-free regeneration, with engineered exosomes leading this transformation. Stem Cell Limitations While hematopoietic stem cell transplantation saves thousands annually, most regenerative applications face persistent…