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Exosome-Enhanced Cardiac Patches: Combining Hydrogel Scaffolds with Extracellular Vesicles for Sustained Myocardial Repair
Heart failure affects over 64 million people worldwide. Following myocardial infarction, the adult heart cannot replace the estimated one billion cardiomyocytes lost. Exosome-enhanced cardiac patches combining therapeutic extracellular vesicles with engineered hydrogels represent a convergent approach for meaningful cardiac regeneration. The Limitations of Current Approaches Direct exosome injection suffers from rapid washout: within 24 hours,…